A crossed figureofeight microphones angled at 1 120, 2 90 and 3 60 apart. Coincident mic techniques use two or more transducers placed closely together. Fazenda music technology, school of computer and engineering, university of huddersfield 1 introduction sound source localisation is an important aspect of monitoring and control engineering with various. Section one microphone techniques here is a very basic, general procedure to keep in mind when miking something that makes sound. The following microphone techniques are the socalled non coincident microphone techniques. Three of the most popular are the spaced pair ab, the coincident or. Work close to the microphone for extra bass response.
In close miking, a microphone is placed relatively close to an instrument or sound source, within three to twelve inches, producing a dry or nonreverberant sound. Whether you want to close mike an instrument in stereo with coincident pairs or put up spaced pairs as room mics, the following explanations will. For the sake of simplicity, ill divide miking techniques into distance miking and close miking approaches. Coincident systems have good time coherence between their channels. A shure educational podcast in this episode we discuss common techniques for stereo miking. Project muse a loudspeakerbased projection technique for. Pdf coincident or nearcoincident mic placement techniques. Aes elibrary coincident microphone techniques for threechannel stereophonic reproduction coincident stereo microphone techniques that can be used for threechannel frontal playback are analyzed and described, based on the threechannel psychoacoustic panning law devised by gerzon. Aim the microphone toward the desired sound source such as the talker, singer, or instrument and away from unwanted sources. Fazenda and others published localisation of sound sources using coincident microphone techniques find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Coincident or near coincident mic placement techniques from dpa microphones online publications with history and comments.
This is not the case for other coincident or near coincident microphone techniques, such as the ortfearspaced cardioid technique 3. Stereo miking techniques can replicate the itds and iids that occur naturally. Placement of microphones for stereophonic recording is an art whose object is the recreation of the natural tonal balance and spatial distri bution of the original sound source and its acoustic environment. Quasicoincident microphone arrays pair of directional microphones spaced no more than about 30 cm the intent. Aug 16, 1977 a microphone assembly for providing outputs corresponding to at least zero order and first order harmonics equivalent to the outputs which would be obtained from a plurality of coincident microphones, the directional response curve of each coincident microphone being a respective spherical harmonic, said microphone assembly comprising at least. However, if coincident microphone techniques are used, they must be done correctly for best effect.
Depending on the specific technique examples of this type are ortf and nos the distance and the angle at which the two microphones are pointing will differ. Pdf an investigation into stereo microphone techniques and their. A range of coincident, near coincident and spaced pair techniques were. Ortf nos stereo180 array bidirectional microphones with baffle.
This is a very popular way to record acoustic guitars, among other acoustic instruments. Aes elibrary coincident microphone techniques for three. Fazenda and others published localisation of sound sources using coincident microphone techniques find, read and cite all. A stereo miking technique that was designed to have advantages of the spaced pair and xy technique, without the disadvantages, is called nearcoincident. In most application microphones are placed directly in front at a correct distance of each performer. One thing to be careful of in stereo recording is phase cancellation.
This means that sounds from the same sound source all arrive at close to the same time. In the february studio sound, bob auger gave an eloquent and persuasive defence of multimicrophone recording techniques for classical music. A microphone assembly for simulating a plurality of coincident microphones has at least four microphone units mutually disposed at the integration points of an integration rule for the surface of a sphere. In most cases, a single coincident or spaced stereo microphone pair will do the job very well. There are advantages and disadvantages to consider as an audio engineer when placing microphones. Us4042779a coincident microphone simulation covering three. Combine excellent imaging of the coincident arrays and the added sense of space or ambience examples. Does this affect the microphone s performance in any way.
Its a classic nashville recording technique, although its popular all over. Aes elibrary blumlein stereo microphone technique and. Cardioid condenser microphone pga81 user guides shure. There are several methods of implementing the configuration of each. Back in the 1960s, spiderman and superman comic books from the usa had a middle section of pinkpaper advertisements for pretty unbelievable technical gadgets. They are not completely next to each other, but not far apart enough to be called a spaced pair, which i talk about later. We take a practical look at the pros and cons of coincident and spaced stereo miking techniques. Here are six stereo miking techniques you can try out today.
It gives an insight into the theory behind the development of microphones and pream. Note that this implies that the best placement for a blu mlein pair 90 figuresofeight is the best live listening 36 forum implemented, however, the results can be disastrous 9. Here are the perceptual results of common stereo miking techniques. The position of the microphone heads and the angle between the microphones are both important here. Comments tends to provide a narrow stereo spread the reproduced ensemble does not always spread all the way between the pair of playback loudspeakers. Therefore, before any coincident stereo microphone technique can be used, it is essential to match. Closely spaced microphones have their diaphragms separated by the specified distance. Pdf localisation of sound sources using coincident microphone. Place the microphone as close as practical to the desired sound source. There are many approaches that can be used with two or more microphones, but we will focus on three methods. In all xy techniques, the directionally dependent microphone sensitivities are used to encode the azimuth angle of the recorded sound source as level differences between both channels. There are a surprising number of techniques for recording groupsfrom small ensembles to large choirs and orchestrasusing a pair of microphones or in some cases three microphones. Page 10 stereo microphone techniques the term stereo will be used here to describe different microphone techniques using multiple channels of audio to create a reproduction of the sound stage over a pair of loudspeakers. In xy pairs, two identical microphones are mounted together in one location one above the other.
There are a number of different methods for stereo. Stereo miking is a great way to increase the sense of depth in your recording of an instrument. B ms microphones with the s gain adjusted so that the angle between the null response on the left channel and the null response on the right channel is 4 900, 5 141 and. One suspects that many engineers turn to spaced or multimike techniques after failing to follow the rules of good coincident recording and getting inconsistent results. Recording techniques and their effect on sound quality at offcenter listening positions in 5. These techniques are, for the most part, suitable for making both live and studio recordings. A stereo miking technique similar to coincident pair, although in this case the mics are set up with some distance inbetween them. Coincident or nearcoincident mic placement techniques from dpa microphones online publications with history and comments by tom bates ortf stereo two first order cardioid microphones spaced 17 cm and angled 110 creating the stereo image. The xy technique uses two cardioid microphones in a coincident. Fazenda and others published localisation of sound sources using coincident microphone techniques find, read and. Nearcoincident mic techniques by daniel bloch on prezi. Experience is required to know which microphone type is best suited to a particular production.
Use only one microphone to pick up a single sound source. Coincident stereo microphone techniques the r88 is a coincident microphone system. The sound is dry, no effects no eq, no compressor, no reverb. The ortf stereo technique uses two first order cardioid microphones with a spacing of 17 cm between the microphone diaphragms, and with an 110 angle. A brief guide for aligning coincident stereo microphone systems by hugh robjohns coincident microphone stereo techniques employ small differences in signal amplitude between the two channels to convey positional information of the stereo image. Coincident or nearcoincident mic placement techniques. Microphone techniques for recording university of waterloo. Stereo microphone techniques are used mainly to record classicalmusic ensembles.
There are several classes of microphone placement for recording and amplification. Coincident or near coincident mic placement techniques from dpa microphones online publications with history and comments by tom bates ortf stereo two first order cardioid microphones spaced 17 cm and angled 110 creating the stereo image. Distance miking typically involves a stereo pair, and includes spaced mic arrays, coincident mics, and nearcoincident mics. Well start with the basics and then move to some more exciting options.
Pdf recording techniques and their effect on sound quality. Coincident microphone simulation covering three dimensional. This manual has covered the major points of akg microphone selection and usage in the. Those with coincident spacing have their diaphragms vertically in line.
These techniques have the microphones spaced apart, which can result in phase problems if. Localisation of sound sources using coincident microphone. Following this, some fundamentals of microphones, instruments, and acoustics are presented. There are a few different xy pairings, and the first well discuss here is the coincident pair. These and other microphone systems are detailed in the book stereo microphone techniques by bruce bartlett 1991, focal press. This discussion of mics wouldnt be complete without a brief rundown of the basics of mic placement. This technique creates a more defined stereo image, although it may not sum to mono as well.
Microphone techniques for coincident techniques microphone diaphragms close together and aligned vertically. Dec 11, 2008 the musician are well spaced for stage presence and best spatial microphone positions. I hear a lowlevel creaking noise in my stereo windshield. In one embodiment, four such microphone units are disposed on respective faces of a regular tetrahedron. A brief guide for aligning coincident stereo microphone systems. Coincident stereo microphone techniques that can be used for threechannel frontal playback are analyzed and described, based on the threechannel psychoacoustic panning law devised by gerzon. The family of stereo recording techniques with coincident microphone diaphragms were later referred to as xy techniques. Conversely, spaced microphone techniques are criticized for not providing the same clear, articulate image particularly in the center of the stereophonic panorama that results from coincident configurations. Abstract coincident stereo microphone techniques that can be used for threechannel frontal playback are analyzed and described, based on the threechannel psychoacoustic panning law devised by gerzon.
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